Chabad History: Operation Echelons
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🚂 Operation Echelons: How Chabad Outwitted the KGB in 1946In 1946, immediately after the end of World War II, the USSR and Poland signed an agreement on repatriation: Poles who found themselves in the Soviet evacuation received the right to return to their homeland. To do this, the authorities allocated freight trains — "echelons", and the main transshipment point was the border Lviv. The Chabad Hasidim instantly understood: this is the only and unique window of opportunity to escape from behind the Iron Curtain and escape from the inevitable Stalinist repressions.📜 The factory of false documents under the nose of the ChekistsTo implement the plan, a deeply secretive underground committee was created in Lviv. It included the legendary Hasidim: Rabbi Mendel Futerfas, Rabbi Label Mochkin, "wise aunt" Sarah Katsenelenbogen (mume Sore) and others. Just under the nose of the all-seeing MGB (the future KGB), they deployed a real industry of documents."Dead souls". Activists found the data of real Poles who died of starvation in the Soviet rear. Their names were inscribed on the documents, and Hasidic families studied other people's biographies and Polish pronunciation by heart day and night, because inspectors arranged tough interrogations at the border.Sham marriages. By law, a Pole could take his Soviet family with him. The committee found real Poles who, for a lot of money, "married" Hasidic women, taking them and children out under the guise of familyreunification.🏛 The Secret Court and the Rescue EconomyTo conduct the operation, huge funds were needed — for renting apartments, making documents and, most importantly, for astronomical bribes to Soviet officials and drivers.To avoid panic, a rabbinical court (Beit-Din), which included 23 rabbis, secretly gathered in Lviv.At first, they sat for three days and because of the lethal risk, they wanted to prohibit escape. But when the first daredevils successfully crossed the border, the court reversed its decision and issued an unprecedented verdict: everyone who leaves must leave all their property to the committee to save others.Wealthy Hasidim did not hesitate to give away their suitcases with cash. And the accountant of the state institution, Rabbi Israel Noah Blinitsky, took an incredible risk, secretly directing significant amounts from the Soviet budget to the needs of the underground.🌊 Drama on the rails and a miracle in New YorkThe mass exodus took place in dark and cold freight cars intended for the transportation of livestock. One of these trains secretly left Rebbetzin Khan — the mother of the Seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe.Another historical echelon departed on 9 Kislev. It is said that on the same day in New York, the Sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson (Rajaz), locked himself in his room and prayed for many hours with extraordinary spiritual exaltation.Suddenly, he sighed with relief and quietly said:“Thank God they passed, they passed. Enough.”The next day, a telegram arrived: the train crossed the border safely. Passengers of this warehouse bribed the driver, and he dropped them off in Krakow, where it was easier to get to the American zone of occupation in Austria.⛓️ Operation "Liquidation" and "Lviv Affair"In early 1947, the Soviet special services realized the scale of the escape. The borders were tightly closed, and the MGB launched a large-scale investigation, which went down in history as the "Lviv case".Almost the entire underground committee was arrested. Rabbi Mendel Futerfas was captured right at the station while trying to escape himself.The organizers were brutally tortured, but they showed incredible courage: during the investigation, the Hasidim took all the blame and called only those who had already successfully crossed the border and were inaccessible to the Soviet authorities.Most of the heroes received up to 25 years in the camps, many died in Siberia.🌍 From camp barracks to a flourishing futureOnce at large, the Hasidim ended up in camps for displaced people in Europe, mainly in the American zone of occupation in Pocking (Germany). Even among the ruins and camp barracks, they managed to open the yeshivas "Tomhei Tmimim" and the school "Beit Rivka".In 1949, at the direction of Rebbe Raiats, exhausted refugees arrived in the Holy Land and laid the first stone of the settlement of Kfar Chabad, which today is one of the world's major centers of Hasidic education.This great escape forever closed the page of Soviet Russia as the center of the Chabad movement and ushered in a new, free era of Chabad around the world.Lubavitcher calendar