"Two great luminaries."
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The Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef-Itzhak Schneerson (Rajac), called 18 Elul — the birthday of Rabbi Yisrael Baal-Shem-Tov, as well as Rabbi Schneur-Zalman (Alter Rebbe) — "the birthday of two great luminaries." The Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem-Mendel Schneerson devoted one of his talks to explaining why each of them — Rabbi Israel Baal-Shem-Tov and Alter Rebbe — is called a “great luminary” and what connection exists between them if they are combined together as “two great luminary”.The Torah says that the “two great luminaries” were created together, and at the same time each is called upon to carry out its own mission — at its own clearly defined time. The "two great luminaries" — Baal Shem Tova and Alter Rebbe — should be considered in the same way.Both are leaders of the Hasidic movement. However, Baal Shem Tov is the founder of Hasidism in general, and Alter Rebbe is the founder of Chabad Hasidism. However, just as the heavenly “two great luminaries” were created by the same sentence of the Creator, 18 Elulah combines the two earthly “great luminaries” of Hasidism.Each of them lived and acted in his own time; between them there was a whole generation, during which Rabbi Dov-Ber, the Mezhyritsky Magid, was the head of the Hasidim.Baal Shem Tov was born in 1698, when the Jewry of Eastern Europe had not yet recovered from the terrible blows inflicted on it by the atrocities of the Ukrainian Cossacks in 1648–1649. According to Rabbi Pinchas Koritser, one of the most prominent disciples of Baal Shem Tov, the Jewish people “were unconscious.”Many children did not receive even a basic Jewish education and upbringing, and therefore, of course, could not pass anything on to their children. At the same time, rabbis, scholars of the Torah, scribes of sacred texts and other educated people deliberately separated from the people, treating them as a "crowd of ignoramuses." Unity — the main condition for the existence of the people of Israel — was broken.Due to extreme poverty, the inability to earn their daily bread and continuous persecution, ordinary Jews had almost no access to their spiritual values, and they increasingly lost their importance for them. And the "head" of the people — its intellectual elite — lived as if completely separate from the "body". Therefore, the study of the Torah lost its vitality, turning into abstract intellectual exercises, understandable only to the elect. Having no connection with the "body" of the people, its "brain" seemed to dry up and die.It was then that the Almighty sent a soul into this world with the task of "bringing the Jewish people to life" and dispelling the darkness that enveloped it.When a person faints, one way to wake them up is to call out their name. In the same way, Baal Shem Tov, who was called to bring the Jews out of their state of unconsciousness, had thename Israel. He brought the people out of the state of oblivion and raised them to a high spiritual step, thereby returning to them the right to be called by their most exalted name — Israel.Рабі Шнеур-Залман, Алтер Ребе (1745–1813), жив уже за зовсім інших обставин. Вивчення Тори та любов до неї, виконання заповідей і молитва перебували на рівні, незрівнянному з часами Баал-Шем-Това. Проте й тоді в єдності народу Ізраїлю існувала глибока тріщина, яка загрожувала перетворитися на прірву, не менш небезпечну, ніж раніше. Вона розділяла хасидів і мітнаґдім — противників учення Баал-Шем-Това, які боролися з ним. Хасиди та їхні опоненти дивилися одне на одного як на руйнівників єврейського народу, і народ Ізраїлю знову занурювався в морок…But, as Rebbe Rajac has repeatedly said, "the darkness is not dispersed with a stick." It is enough to bring at least a little light — and the darkness itself will recede. That is why both Baal Shem Tov and Alter Rebbe are called "luminaries", besides "great luminaries": both of them illuminated the people of Israel, and through it — the whole world with a new, great light.And before them, the people of Israel had many personalities worthy of being called "lights" — from the time of the Mishnah and the Talmud to the New Age. They all shone — and how! All of them were, so to speak, "conductors" of the light of the open part of the Torah: the Talmud, Halakhah, Jewish philosophy, musar — ethical doctrine based on the Torah. Each in his own way updated this light, amplified it or, when circumstances required, dimmed, changed or discovered new components in it.But at the time of Baal Shem Tov, this light was already lacking. To dispel the darkness, we needed a light that had never been seen before and was available to the masses, even to the least educated Jews, the darkest part of the people. It was the light of the Cabal, the most intimate part of the Torah, the doctrine of its spiritual content.Both the medicine, which is itself unfit for consumption, but under special circumstances and at the right moment saves the life of the patient, and the Cabal, which for millennia was the property of only a select few and remained inaccessible to the vast majority of the Jewish people, served by a skilled and experienced "healer", saved the people of Israel.It was Baal Shem Tov's mission to become such a "healer". For ten years — from the revelation of his mysterious teacher in 1724 to his own revelation as the righteous and Rebbe of the whole people in 1734 (by the way, both events occurred on the same day — 18 Elul) — Baal Shem Tov was preparing for this work.It took a lot of art to meticulously dose these "medicines": give everyone exactly as much as necessary to bring only good and, God forbid, not to harm. Therefore, the methods that Baal Shem Tov used in his activities were extremely diverse.In order for ordinary Jews, who treated Torah scholars with great distrust, to perceive him as their own, Baal Shem Tov appeared before them in the form of a craftsman, a poor merchant, a farmer or even a beggar-traveler and diligently concealed his knowledge of the Torah. He spoke in the simplest language, told parables, from which it followed that a Jew should perceive his Jewry not as a heavy burden, but as a precious gift.To Baal Shem Tov, reading the words: "Where shall I go from Thy spirit, and where shall I flee from Thy presence? If I ascend to heaven, you are there, and if I lie in my grave, here you are!", the Jew sighed heavily, and sometimes cried: "Oh, where can I go from G-d, from His heavy hand?.."However, after hearing the words of Baal Shem Tov, he, reading the same passage, felt sincere joy: “He is everywhere with me, He will never leave me anywhere!”In other words, the ministry of Baal Shem Tov influenced primarily the emotional perception. He no longer needed to hide in front of his students, and to them he revealed his knowledge in full. However, by training students as continuers of their work, Baal Shem Tov tirelessly taught them to love all Jews without exception — even the simplest and least educated. After all, it is among them that one can often find such deep faith and piety, which are sometimes lacking in learned rabbis.Before Baal Shem Tov, no one taught this way, so the path opened by him was in the full sense of the word new. He literally saved many Jews and therefore deserved to be called the "great luminary".Rabbi Schneur-Zalman, Alter Rebbe, continuing the whole business of Baal Shem Tov, turned not only to the heart, but also to the mind. The basis of the teachings of Hasidism Chabad was the position: "The brain reigns over the heart."As Alter Rebbe himself explained, he called his direction "Chabad" — an abbreviation of the words "hochma", "bina", "daat", that is, the three intellectual forces of the soul — because the influence on the human heart is impossible without appealing to its mind. Only through hard mental work can a person improve his personality. The fulfillment of the commandments, prayer, and even everyday life must be meaningful and guided by the mind in everything.In the teachings of Alter Rebbe, the "medicine" of Baal Shem Tov, with which he healed the Jewish people, took on a completely new form, which made it possible to incomparably expand the scope of their application.Without yielding anything to the inner meaning, Rabbi Schneur-Zalman embodied the deepest secrets of the Cabal in such simple forms that they became perceptible even to very ordinary Jews. For them, these provisions of Chabad's teachings were interesting by themselves, but most importantly, they always contained a relevant practical conclusion.At the same time, a Torah scholar, especially one already familiar with the Kabbalah, found deep knowledge in them, which often revealed to him in a completely new way the content of the Torah, the meaning of the commandments, and the essence of the works of Jewish thinkers already known to him.Before the Alter Rebbe, it was believed that it was enough for a Torah scholar to devote his whole life to studying the Talmud. Rabbi Schneur-Zalman proclaimed: just as the unity of the Jewish people is the main and indispensable condition for its existence, the Torah can also be only one. Everything in it is equally important. Moreover, not knowing one part of it, it is impossible to correctly perceive the other. The study of the Talmud is impossible without ethics, and even the Pentateuch cannot be properly understood without knowledge of the Cabal.An extremely important component of the teachings of the Alter Rebbe is a powerful desire for the Truth: not to deceive anyone, neither others, nor himself, exaggerating his own shortcomings or virtues.He required his followers to regularly carry out ruthless self-analysis, being aware not only of their actions and words, but even of their thoughts, checking their orientation and compliance with the Torah. джерело: chabad.org